If you want to put your Mac into recovery mode, boot from a USB stick, or start testing your hardware using Apple's diagnostic tools, you'll need to use the right combination of startup keys.

These keyboard shortcuts let you interrupt your Mac's normal boot process and can even change the way macOS behaves when you log in. Here's a handy guide to the full range of Mac boot options and startup keys, as well as when you might need to use them.

A Note About Macs With Apple Silicon

The Mac startup keys listed below refer mostly to Intel-based Macs. The startup options for M1 and M2-based Macs have changed. Instead of starting your computer and holding down certain key combinations, you access the options in a different way:

  1. Turn off your Mac.
  2. Power on your Mac and keep holding the power button until you see the startup options screen.

This will launch the macOS recovery mode, from where you can access some of the other boot modes, including:

  • Safe Mode: select a volume, hold the Shift key, and click Continue in Safe Mode.
  • Startup Manager: all your bootable disks will be displayed in the startup options screen, so just pick the one you want.
  • Set a Default Startup Disk: select your disk as above, then hold down the Option key and click Always Use.
  • Target Disk Mode: go to the Recovery menu and select Share Disk.

Some of the more advanced options, like Verbose mode, are now hidden away. Others, like resetting SMC and NVRAM, are no longer needed on Macs with Apple silicon.

macOS Boot Modes and Key Combinations

To use these Mac startup commands and launch a specific boot mode, you must first press the power button and then immediately press and hold the desired key combination.

On older Macs, you can wait until you hear the boot sound before holding the shortcut. However, later Intel-based Macs don't make any sound on startup, so you should hold the keys right away.

Startup Manager/Boot From USB: Option

Apple Smart Keyboard Option

Apple's startup manager prevents your Mac from booting the default startup volume. Instead, you'll get a list of all connected volumes, including USB and external drives. This is particularly useful if you need to boot your Mac from USB or are installing Windows from a USB stick.

On some non-US Mac keyboards (and Windows keyboards), the Option key is not labeled as such. In this case, it's the Alt key that you're looking for.

Safe Mode: Shift

Apple Smart Keyboard Shift

If your Mac needs troubleshooting for startup problems, Safe Mode (also known as safe boot) is a good step to try. It forces your computer to load only the bare essentials it needs to start the operating system. Your startup disk will check for errors and make repairs, and only use the required kernel extensions.

This mode also prevents the startup and login items from opening when your Mac starts up. It disables custom user-installed fonts and clears a number of macOS system caches too.

Apple Hardware Test/Apple Diagnostics: D

Apple Smart Keyboard D

Depending on the age of your Mac, it either comes with Apple Hardware Test or Apple Diagnostics. These are troubleshooting tools that will identify Mac hardware problems so you can attempt to fix them or decide it's time to replace your machine.

While these tests look for hardware issues, they don't offer a huge amount of information about the problem. This can make it hard to attempt a fix. If you're feeling brave and want more information, you'll need to use Apple Service Diagnostics instead.

You can also use Option + D to start the test from the internet. This is ideal if you have problems with your hard drive or recovery partition.

Reset PRAM/NVRAM: Cmd + Option + P + R

Apple Smart Keyboard Command Option P R

Parameter RAM, also known as nonvolatile RAM, holds information about your computer's current configuration. This includes the date and time, volume, desktop settings, and so on. Occasionally you'll run into issues related to sound, mouse scrolling, or keyboard that require a PRAM/NVRAM reset.

This is one of the most useful Mac troubleshooting commands. Shut down your Mac, power it up, then immediately hit the key combination above. Wait till your Mac reboots again, then let go of the combination.

Reset SMC: Shift + Control + Option

Apple Smart Keyboard Shift Control Option

The System Management Controller (SMC) is a chip on Intel-based Macs that controls aspects like fan speeds, power management, and more. Most Apple computers use the combination of keys provided above, but older models require you to remove batteries or unplug the power cord instead.

Recovery Mode: Cmd + R

Apple Smart Keyboard Command R

Recovery mode is your ticket to solving many macOS problems from a friendly environment. The recovery partition is a separate area on your Mac's drive that you can use to repair disks using Disk Utility, access the Terminal, and restore your Mac by reinstalling macOS.

You can also hold Cmd + Option + R to start internet Recovery mode, which downloads the necessary tools from the internet first. This is ideal if you need to restore your recovery partition.

Target Disk Mode: T

Apple Smart Keyboard T

If you want to transfer files from one Mac's hard drive to another, Target Disk mode makes it simple. By starting a Mac in Target Disk mode, you can connect it to another Mac and easily copy files to and from the drives.

In essence, it turns your Mac into a hard drive enclosure. The only snag is that you'll need to use the right cable for the job. Apple's guidelines state that you can use:

  • Thunderbolt 3 (USB-C): iMac Pro/iMac 2017, MacBook Pro 2016, and later
  • USB-C: MacBook 2015 and later
  • Thunderbolt 2
  • FireWire

You can't use USB-A to USB-A cables, an Apple USB-C charging cable, or regular old Mini DisplayPort cables.

Single User Mode: Cmd + S

Apple Smart Keyboard CMD S

Single User mode boots your Mac into a minimal text-based environment with no GUI and no drive volumes mounted on startup. You'll only have access to a Unix prompt, into which you'll need to type commands.

This mode allows you to fix problems with a Mac that refuses to start. You can attempt to repair the disk, copy files from one volume to another, or force optical media to eject—but you'll need to know the right commands to do so.

Verbose Mode: Cmd + V

Apple Smart Keyboard Cmd V

Verbose mode, as the name suggests, replaces your Mac's default startup graphics with a detailed status report of exactly what's happening when your computer starts up. It doesn't restrict anything from loading like Safe mode, nor does it boot into a command line environment like Single User mode.

Instead, Verbose mode is perfect for those instances when your Mac hangs on boot. You can see exactly what interrupts the boot process and hopefully take steps to remedy it.

For example, many boot problems are related to third-party kernel extensions. Verbose mode may highlight the problem extension, allowing you to reboot in Safe mode, remove the offending item, then boot as normal and try again.

Boot From Optical (CD/DVD) Media: C

Apple Smart Keyboard C

Is your Mac old enough to have an optical drive? If so, you can create CD or DVD images for installing macOS or other operating systems like Linux and Windows. Holding C while your computer boots forces macOS to ignore your startup volume in favor of bootable optical media instead.

Eject Optical Media: Eject, F12, or Mouse/Trackpad

Apple Smart Keyboard Eject

Got a CD or DVD stuck in your Mac? Trying to boot from the wrong optical volume? Turn on your Mac and immediately press and hold Eject, F12, or your mouse/trackpad button until your computer spits out the disc.

Boot From NetBoot Service: N

Apple Smart Keyboard N

NetBoot allows system admins to boot client computers from a network image, which isn't something most home users will ever need to do. This allows companies to customize macOS to their liking and create custom images for specific users, then deploy them network-wide without modifying every machine.

You can also use Option + N to specify the default image, rather than a custom image designed for specific users or hardware.

macOS Login Key Combinations

The following combinations change the way login works on your Mac.

Disable Automatic Login: Left Shift

Apple Smart Keyboard Shift

If you've set your Mac to log in automatically, you can tell it to ignore this setting by holding Left Shift after the boot screen (a white Apple logo and progress bar) appears. You'll be taken to the regular login screen, where you can choose another user account or continue with the guest account.

Prevent Login Items/Previous Windows: Shift

Apple Smart Keyboard Shift

Want to stop all your login items and previous session windows from opening on launch? When you get to the login screen, enter your password as normal, then click on the Log In button (or hit Enter). Immediately press and hold the Shift key while your Mac logs in and boots up.

This is perfect if you left some sensitive folders open that you'd like to hide from prying eyes, or to prevent any resource hogs from booting straight away.

Understand the macOS Boot Options

These iMac or MacBook startup commands can help you troubleshoot a lot of common problems with both hardware and software. Keep them in mind next time you run into a problem, as they can help you get your system up and running again without needing to get it repaired.